Air Quality in Europe: Today and Tomorrow
نویسندگان
چکیده
The last “Air quality in Europe” report by the European Environmental Agency (EEA 2015) foresees almost five millions of years of life lost (YOLL) in the 28 EU Member States due to the high concentrations of PM2.5. YOLLs are an estimate of the average years that a person would have lived if he or she had not died prematurely, giving greater weight to deaths at a younger age and lower weight to deaths at an older age. For the 507.4 million inhabitants of EU, this means an average loss of more than 3 days each year. Furthermore, speaking about the average conditions, for air quality has a limited meaning. The situation is normally worse in highly populated areas where most population lives and, for the same reason, emission of pollutant are higher. Indeed, the same report, referring to 990 urban monitoring stations in 736 European cities, shows that 202 of them (27.4 %) have exceeded the limit of 35 days above 50 lg/m for PM10 average daily concentrations. The situation is quite different in different EU Member States (MS) and within each MS. Figure 1.1 shows for instance the 36-th highest daily mean and the 25 and 75 % percentiles (box limits) in each MS compared to the European limit of 50 lg/m. As we will see in the following chapters, exact links between pollutant concentrations and health impacts are not completely known and thus the limits proposed by the World Health Organization are even stricter than those adopted by EU regulations. Figure 1.2 expresses this situation in geographical terms, showing where the exceedance of the EU limit for PM10 is reported. The situation is quite similar for other traditional pollutant such as NOx and only slightly more complex for Ozone, as shown in Fig. 1.3.
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تاریخ انتشار 2016